Smart Economy

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

#PTSD PTSD is triggered by excess oxidative stress or free radicals which are neutralised by Carbon 60 hydrated fullerenes, the highest natural  antioxidant in the world https://www.academia.edu/11621073/Backgrounder_on_Carbon_60_Hydrated_Fullerenes_V6

PTSD and Oxidative Stress-Connect the DOTS

 

Reference (1)

Coll Antropol. 2011 Dec;35(4):1155-60.

Oxidative stress markers in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Ceprnja M¹, Derek L, Unić A, Blazev M, Fistonić M, Kozarić-Kovacić D, Franić M, Romić Z.

Author information

• ¹University of Zagreb, Dubrava University Hospital, Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Zagreb, Croatia. [email protected]

Abstract

Recent study data support the role of oxidative stress in diverse psychiatric disorders. Oxidative stress results from an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, an excess of oxidants and/or a depletion of antioxidants. There are numerous studies that indicate that free radicals (FRs) damage neurons, and then play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression. Active oxygen can cause considerable damage and disrupt the important physiological functions of proteins, lipids, enzymes and DNA. The aim of our study was to investigate the possible differences in the concentration of tromboxane B2, 8-OHdG and protein carbonyls, as significant markers of oxidative damage, and urate, albumin and total protein concentrations as antioxidative molecules in PTSD patients in comparison to the healthy control group. The study included 74 male participants who were active soldiers in the Croatian armed forces from 1991 to 1995. 46 subjects with chronic and current PTSD were recruited from the Department of Psychiatry of Dubrava University Hospital during 2010, 28 healthy subjects were recruited in the same period during the regular medical examination at the Dubrava University Hospital.

Reference (2)

Curr Neuropharmacol. Mar 2014; 12(2): 193–204.

Published online Mar 2014. doi:  10.2174/1570159X11666131120223530

PMCID: PMC3964749

Oxidative Imbalance and Anxiety Disorders

Krolow R,^* Arcego D. M, Noschang C, Weis S. N, and Dalmaz C^*

Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

^* Address correspondence to these authors at the Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 (Anexo) Lab. 37. 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil; Tel: 55 51- 3316-5570; Fax: 55 51- 3316-5535; E-mails: rb.moc.oohay@lehcarwolork, Email: rb.moc.oohay@zamladalrac

Abstract

The oxidative imbalance appears to have an important role in anxiety development. Studies in both humans and animals have shown a strong correlation between anxiety and oxidative stress. In humans, for example, the increased malondialdehyde levels and discrepancies in antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes have been observed. In animals, several studies also show that anxiety-like behavior is related to the oxidative imbalance. Moreover, anxiety-like behavior can be caused by pharmacological-induced oxidative stress. Studies using knockout or overexpression of antioxidant enzymes have shown a relationship between anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress. Related factors of oxidative stress that could influence anxious behavior are revised, including impaired function of different mitochondrial proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and neurotrophic factors. It has been suggested that a therapy specifically focus in reducing reactive species production may have a beneficial effect in reducing anxiety. However, the neurobiological pathways underlying the effect of oxidative stress on anxiety symptoms are not fully comprehended. The challenge now is to identify the oxidative stress mechanisms likely to be involved in the induction of anxiety symptoms. Understanding these pathways could help to clarify the neurobiology of the anxiety disorder and provide tools for new discovery in therapies and preventive strategies.

Keywords: Antioxidants, anxiety disorders, anxiolytics drugs, genetics, inflammation, mitochondrial, neurotrophic factor, reactive species.

Go to:

INTRODUCTION

Anxiety is defined as a state of uneasiness and apprehension. It is a general term that describes a large range of related and commonly experienced subjective mental states which are normally evoked by a wide range of external and internal stressors. Anxiety is a normal emotional response but when it is inappropriate (at in inappropriate time or to an inappropriate degree, and is disruptive to the individual), it then constitutes an anxiety disorder [1, 2]. This condition is implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders, such obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD), social phobias (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [1].

 

Oxidative stress and Cancer Metastasis

Oxidative stress and Cancer Metastasis

Research has shown that 90% of all cancer deaths are due to cancer metastasis. Cancer can only spread in the body when we have an environment of excess free radicals or oxidative stress. An ultra-high, universal, antioxidant like Carbon 60 hydrated fullerenes neutralize free radicals and prevent cancer metastasis.

 

Factsheet #6 Link between Oxidative Stress, Free Radicals and Cancer v4

 

https://www.academia.edu/12211177/Factsheet_6_Link_between_Oxidative_Stress_Free_Radicals_and_Cancer_v4

Longevity and Healthy Aging

Aging Gracefully without Chronic Human Diseases

Time Magazine and National Geographic both recently ran cover stories with a baby on the cover. The tagline reads: This baby could live to be 142 years old. So the question that immediately comes to mind  is: Is this possible  and can everyone age gracefully without chronic human diseases? And can we do it with today’s technology ?

To explore this question we first need to compare the mortality in 1900 versus today. In 1900, half of the deaths were caused by pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis, gastrointestinal infections.  These diseases were cured largely with antibiotics and antivirals after world war two. Cancer, diabetes, coronary  heart disease, and Alzheimer’s were present but  not near the rates we see today.  Now, the top causes of death today, according to US statistics are heart disease, lung cancer, lung disease (asthma) , stroke, Alzheimer’s,  diabetes  and hypertension. An interesting question to ask would be: Do all these new, twenty first century diseases all have something in common, just like the top causes of death  in 1900 where from bacterial or viral sources?  A review of the medical literature shows two primary causes. In turns out that most chronic human diseases are 1) triggered by excess free radicals or oxidative stress and 2) are the result of a lack of essential minerals and trace minerals and cofactors in our diets.

Oxidative Stress

Free radicals or oxidative stress is the result of our cells metabolizing or breathing oxygen. Free radical are the “waste” products of life, and they are very destructive to cell membranes, proteins and DNA.  Our body has a natural protective system-antioxidant enzymes that neutralize excess free radicals. If this delicate balance is  disrupted,  this then leads to an inflammation response in the body and eventually, chronic diseases could ensue. As we age, our natural antioxidant protective systems decline and we are told to supplement with natural botanical antioxidants, such as blueberries , green tea or cinnamon or antioxidant supplements such as Vitamin E or coenzyme Q10. But then we run into the “antioxidant paradox”. All these food antioxidants  work great as antioxidants in a test tube in the lab, but in human clinical trials, the beneficial effects are either inconclusive or negative. This is because saliva and gut bacteria metabolise many these botanical antioxidants, before they have a chance to act beneficially.

Ukrainian scientists discovered the world’s highest antioxidant called Carbon 60 hydrated fullerenes, which is stable and inert and not metabolised by bacteria. Carbon 60, a natural product,  was discovered in 1985 and a Nobel prize in Chemistry was awarded for this discovery in 1996.  Scientists and doctors were calling it the panacea or silver bullet in medicine, but because it’s not naturally water soluble, just like diamonds, charcoal or activated charcoal, this frustrated scientists. Ukrainian scientist in Kharkiv the first to discovered how to dissolve Carbon 60 in water in 1994. After 20 years of preclinical, safety and clinical studies,  Carbon 60 hydrated fullerenes  were approved as a  “dietary supplement” by the Ukrainian Ministry of Health and has been on the Ukrainian market since 2010. There is now a US patent pending. Scientists are now claiming that most chronic human diseases are triggered by excess free radicals. Just do a search on PUBMED with the key words “oxidative stress” and your own disease and you will find a link. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed ). Reduce excess free radicals and reduce your disease symptoms. A study at the University of Paris in 2010 showed that rats feed a diet supplemented  with Carbon 60 in olive oil, increased the lifespan of rats by 90% from an average of 25-30 months to over 55 months.

Essential minerals and trace minerals.

The National Post ran a story on May 1- “Obese Canadians should be granted legal protection from discrimination, professor says.”  The obesity debate is totally missing the point. Most Doctors are ignoring their own medical research. The cause of the 400% increase in obesity in last 3 decades in Canada and sharp rise in most other chronic human diseases since the 1930’ is due to a chronic lack of essential minerals and trace minerals in our diet (plants, fruits and vegetables) that are needed as co-factors in the body for our biochemical pathways to work efficiently.

The soil minerals concentrations have been dropping  worldwide for the last 100 years, so less and less minerals are  absorbed in fruits, vegetables and other plants. This is due primarily to the fact that  we no longer cook and heat our homes with wood and throw away the ashes (95% minerals) back into the garden to replenish the soil with the 60 essential and trace minerals that our bodies need. Fertilizer only has 3 minerals. Even the nutritional supplements commonly found in most health food stores don't carry the full complement of 90  essential nutrients, which should include 60 essential minerals, 15 essential vitamins, 12 essential amino acids and 3 fatty acids and  the right doses of each and the correct easily absorbable mineral salts.

How do we know that we need 90 essential nutrients? Just talk to any veterinarian. Vets have cured over 600 chronic human diseases in farm animals and in zoo animals by supplementing their food with nutritional pellets. When was the last time you saw a cow with arthritis and a pig with Alzheimer’s?  Vets have to cure an animal after the first time otherwise beef would cost over $500 a pound or eggs $50 a dozen.  Why? Because animals don’t have health insurance. Doctors are quite content to treat your disease symptoms for the rest of your life, billing health insurance and not curing your disease after a few visits. Human  clinical studies in the past 40 years have shown that most chronic human diseases are also caused by essential mineral deficiencies and can be controlled with the proper essential and trace minerals. Diabetes has been controlled with the right amount of chromium and vanadium and other essential cofactors. Arthritis is a lack of proper calcium absorption and cofactors such as Vitamin D and magnesium. Greying hair is a copper deficiency in the diet.

So can we live to be 100 or over without chronic human diseases? Yes by reducing excess oxidative stress or free radicals in our body and ensuring that we get the right daily balance of 90 essential nutrients including 60 minerals and trace minerals.

If you would like more information on the above or a copy of my presentation on Aging Gracefully without Chronic Human Diseases that  I gave at Ukrainian Canadian Social Services last week, send me an email  [email protected] or call (416) 819-9667 or download it from this link  http://bit.ly/1KzZvm8  For Ukrainian listeners,  catch  my Ukrainian radio interview on Radio KONTAKT archives from Saturday April 25, 2015 http://www.kontaktglobal.com/radio-saturday.html

 

Walter Derzko is the president of the startup C60 Water North America

UPDATE on the Carbon[60] Hydrated Fullerenes-The Highest Antioxidant in the World

Scientists  have made a  significant leap in cancer research.

You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.

R. Buckminster Fuller

90% of all cancer deaths come from cancer spreading in the body from one organ to another, called metastasis. Stop metastasis, stop many unnecessary premature cancer deaths.

Belgium researches in 2014 determined that cancer metastasis  can only occur if there are excess free radicals in the body. Specifically they conclude: “under certain conditions, the mitochondria produce more free radicals known as superoxide ions (O2.-). It is this overproduction of superoxide that leads to the formation of metastasis and, consequently, the growth of a tumor. “ See “A world first: Researchers identify a treatment that prevents tumor metastasis (Université catholique de Louvain)”  http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/ucdl-awf072414.php

So, logically, if you can reduce excess oxidative stress and free radical levels in the body back to  normal levels, theoretically, you  should be able to prevent metastasis and reduce the risk of cancer  growth and eliminate most cancer deaths. 

This not only applies to cancer, but many other chronic human diseases, which appear to be triggered by excess free radicals too.

Just do a search on PUBMED using the term “oxidative stress” the name of any chronic human disease and you will see a connection/link  to free radicals and most diseases. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

In fact, researcher in Ukraine have already reduced oxidative stress  in cancer  cases and many other chronic human diseases with a safe, natural, organic molecule, called Carbon [60] or specifically the water-soluble version, called Carbon 60 Hydrated Fullerenes, C60HYFNs. It was approved by the Ukrainian Ministry of Health in 2010, as a dietary supplement and antioxidant, after 20 years of preclinical and clinical studies.  It’s the world’s highest antioxidant and free radical scavenger,  neutralizing excess free radicals. It was discovered in 1985 and a Nobel prize in Chemistry was awarded for the discover in 1996. Two years before that,  Ukrainian researched discovered how to make Carbon[60] water-soluble, since most Carbon allotropes do not dissolve  in water.

 (see  the medical and biological properties in Carbon 60 Hydrated Fullerenes   http://www.ipacom.com/index.php/en/fullerenes-and-water-left/74 )

Most recently (Dec. 2014), Ukrainian researchers showed that C60HYFNs combined with traditional chemotherapy (Doxorubicin) , eliminates tumors in animal models without the toxic effects seen with traditional chemo. They showed that this combination: “resulted in tumor growth inhibition, prolongation of life, metastasis inhibition, and increased number of apoptotic tumor cells and was more effective than the corresponding course of Dox treatment alone.”

See C60 fullerene as synergistic agent in tumor-inhibitory Doxorubicin treatment. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504158

Carbon 60, a radiation protector,  also reduces the negative effects of traditional radiation therapy. See  Peculiarities of the antioxidant and radioprotective effects of hydrated C60 fullerene nanostuctures in vitro and in vivo.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539750

The molecule C60 HYFNs is now US patent pending (March 2014). http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2014/0079746.html

We are in the process of submitting the clinical studies to the FDA to get a GRAS designation to sell C60HYFNs as an antioxidant  dietary supplement in the USA, Canada and Mexico.

Walter Derzko

President

C60 Water North America

416-819-9667

Fullerenes and its use to maintain good health and to prolong the expected lifespan of mammals

Oxidative stress (free radicals)  are a contributing factor in all diseases

 

A recent US Patent application (May 22, 2104) for Fullerenes or Carbon 60 claims that oxidative stress from free radicals (or Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)) is a contributing factor in all diseases. WOW I've never seen such a wide ranging claim-Walter Derzko, Toronto.

Re: Fullerene and its use to maintain good health and to prolong the expected lifespan of mammals

...This is from a US patent application of fullerenes... or Carbon--60 partially dissolved in olive oil.

However, Ukrainian-produced hydrated fullerenes (C-60 HyFN's) from Kharkiv are much superior. (see US patent application http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2014/0079746.html They don’t need an olive oil carrier, which takes two months to dissolve. They are water-soluble. Ukrainian scientists were the only ones who discovered how to make them  water-soluble, without increasing its toxicity, like most functionalized fullerene derivatives, which are toxic.  Pristine Carbon-60 is a natural product found in abundance in nature, safe and the highest antioxidant in the world and it scavenges/neutralizes excess free radicals in your body. It was approved by the Ukrainian Ministry of Health in 2010 as a “dietary supplement” after 18 years of clinical and preclinical studies—Walter Derzko.

 

Hydrated Fullerenes or Carbon-60, the highest anti-oxidant in the world is better than traditional botanical anti-oxidants such as blueberry extract or green tea extract, because it does not get immediately metabolized by gut bacteria, before it gets a chance to act as an anti-oxidant. That’s why we see differing ORAC test values for traditional botanical anti-oxidants under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Hydrated Fullerenes do not get metabolized by gut bacteria.

KEY QUOTE: WOW “all diseases caused by free radicals” I’ve never seen any scientist make this wide reaching claim, directly.--Walter Derzko

“Considerable evidence supports the view that oxidative damage involving free radicals occurs in most, if not all, human diseases. Oxidative stress is now recognized as an important contributor to the development of many human diseases including liver fibrosis, ischemia-reperfusion, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease and age-related cancer as well as to process of ageing. Thus antioxidants and systems that can protect against oxidative stress are needed to maintain health. A large body of scientific evidence supports that oxidative stress is directly responsible for aging.”

From the Patent Application (Fullerene and its use to maintain good health and to prolong the expected lifespan of mammals) has a good description of oxidative stress and free radicals:

“2. Description of Related Art
Free radicals, such as oxygen radicals and other reactive oxygen/nitrogen/chlorine species (hydroxyl, nitric oxide radicals), are constantly formed in vivo. Some of these molecules are physiologically useful, but they can also result in pathological oxidative stress to cells and tissues. Endogenous defences include both antioxidants and repairing systems. However, excess production of free radicals, their production in inappropriate relative amounts or deficiencies in endogenous defences can have deleterious effects. Free radicals can cause oxidative damage to lipids, DNA, bio molecules, rises in the concentration of intracellular calcium, as well as activation of proteases, nucleases and protein kinases. Considerable evidence supports the view that oxidative damage involving free radicals occurs in most, if not all, human diseases. Oxidative stress is now recognized as an important contributor to the development of many human diseases including liver fibrosis, ischemia-reperfusion, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease and age-related cancer as well as to process of ageing. Thus antioxidants and systems that can protect against oxidative stress are needed to maintain health. A large body of scientific evidence supports that oxidative stress is directly responsible for aging (Aging Cell. 2009, 8(3):258-69) and an array of neuropathology conditions (Nutrition 2010, 26:595-603. Neurochem Res. 2007, 32:757-73). The free radical theory of aging proposes that the organism is unable to repair all of them and that, with time, unrepaired damages accumulate and put the organism at risk: in other words, free radicals provoke aging and death (FEBS Letters 2009, 498: 183-186. J. Neurochem. 2009, 108:1251-65). Antioxidants are the substances able to react with free radicals and to protect the body from the damage caused by these molecules (Ital J Biochem. 2006, 55:263-282). In particular, consumption in excess of some foods which are rich sources of antioxidants is considered to promote good health and longevity. It is now believed that the maintenance of redox balance within the body can forestall aging and promote good health and longevity..

 

Holographic phone calls

 

How cool would it be to have one of those?

A Polish telecommunications company is creating the world's first hologram telephone call. The concept was made popular when Princess Leia appeared before Luke Skywalker as a hologram in the 1977 blockbuster 'Star Wars'.  “At the moment, our holograms are made using machines that are more than six feet high but we are designing smaller versions that can be set up on a coffee table in a living room.”
Further Details :...
L#1 : http://is.gd/217rx1

L#2 : http://is.gd/OXxNeh

L#3 : http://is.gd/43c2T6

How Alzheimer's starts

“Scientists have successfully pinpointed a specific part of the brain where Alzheimer's begins and traced how the disease spreads. The discovery holds potential application in creating new diagnostic strategies and possible therapies to combat the disease.”

Further Details :

L#1 : http://is.gd/DqPfAA
L#2 : http://is.gd/IuZIjr

Well-connected hemispheres of Einstein's brain may have sparked his brilliance

Well-connected hemispheres of Einstein's brain may have sparked his brilliance

TALLAHASSEE, Fla. - The left and right hemispheres of Albert Einstein's brain were unusually well
connected to each other and may have contributed to his brilliance, according
to a new study conducted in part by Florida State University evolutionary
anthropologist Dean Falk.

"This study, more than any other to date, really gets at the 'inside' of Einstein's brain,"
Falk said. "It provides new information that helps make sense of what is
known about the surface of Einstein's brain."

The study, "The Corpus Callosum of Albert Einstein's Brain: Another Clue to His High
Intelligence," was published in the journal Brain. Lead author
Weiwei Men of East China Normal University's Department of Physics developed a
new technique to conduct the study, which is the first to detail Einstein's
corpus callosum, the brain's largest bundle of fibers that connects the two
cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication.

"This technique should be of interest to other researchers who study the brain's all-important
internal connectivity," Falk said.

Men's technique measures and color-codes the varying thicknesses of subdivisions of the corpus
callosum along its length, where nerves cross from one side of the brain to the
other. These thicknesses indicate the number of nerves that cross and therefore
how "connected" the two sides of the brain are in particular regions,
which facilitate different functions depending on where the fibers cross along
the length. For example, movement of the hands is represented toward the front
and mental arithmetic along the back.

In particular, this new technique permitted registration and comparison of Einstein's measurements
with those of two samples — one of 15 elderly men and one of 52 men Einstein's
age in 1905. During his so-called "miracle year" at 26 years old,
Einstein published four articles that contributed substantially to the
foundation of modern physics and changed the world's views about space, time,
mass and energy.

The research team's findings show that Einstein had more extensive connections between certain
parts of his cerebral hemispheres compared to both younger and older control
groups.

The research of Einstein's corpus callosum was initiated by Men, who requested the
high-resolution photographs that Falk and other researchers published in 2012
of the inside surfaces of the two halves of Einstein's brain. In addition to
Men, the current research team included Falk, who served as second author; Tao
Sun of the Washington University School of Medicine; and, from East China
Normal University's Department of Physics, Weibo Chen, Jianqi Li, Dazhi Yin,
Lili Zang and Mingxia Fan.

###

 

Contact: Dean Falk

[email protected]

850-339-4455

Florida State
University

Brain may rely on computer-like mechanism to make sense of novel situations, says CU-Boulder study

Brain  may rely on computer-like mechanism to make sense of novel situations, says
CU-Boulder study

Our brains give us  the remarkable ability to make sense of situations we've never encountered before—a familiar person in an unfamiliar place, for example, or a coworker in a  different job role—but the mechanism our brains use to accomplish this has been  a longstanding mystery of neuroscience.

Now, researchers at  the University of Colorado Boulder have demonstrated that our brains could process these new situations by relying on a method similar to the "pointer" system used by computers. "Pointers" are used to tell a computer where to look for information stored elsewhere in the system to replace a variable.

For the study, published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research team relied on sentences with words used in unique ways to test the brain's ability to understand the role familiar words play in a sentence even when those words are used in unfamiliar, and even nonsensical, ways.

For example, in the sentence, "I want to desk you," we understand theword "desk" is being used as a verb even though our past experience with the word "desk" is as a noun.

"The fact that you understand that the sentence is grammatically well formed means you can process these completely novel inputs," said Randall O'Reilly, a professor in CU-Boulder's Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and co-author of the study. "But in the past when we've tried to get computer models of a brain to do that, we haven't been successful."

This shows that human brains are able to understand the sentence as a structure with variables—a subject, a verb and often, an object—and that the brain can assign a wide variety of words to those variables and still understand the sentence structure. But the way the brain does this has not been understood.

Computers routinely complete similar tasks. In computer science, for example, a computer program could create an email form letter that has a pointer in the greeting line. The pointer would then draw the name information for each individual recipient into the greeting being sent to that person.

In the new study, led by Trenton Kriete, a postdoctoral researcher in O'Reilly's lab, the scientists show that the connections in the brain between the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia could play a similar role to the pointers used in computer science. The researchers added new information about how the connections between those two regions of the brain could work into their model.

The result was that the model could be trained to understand simple sentences using a select group of words. After the training period, the researchers fed the model new sentences using familiar words in novel ways and found that the model could still comprehend the sentence structure.

While the results show that a pointer-like system could be at play in the brain, the function is not identical to the system used in computer science, the scientists said. It's similar to comparing an airplane's wing and a bird's wing, O'Reilly said. They're both used for flying but they work differently.

In the brain, for example, the pointer-like system must still be learned. The brain has to be trained, in this case, to understand sentences while a computer can be programmed to understand sentences immediately.

"As your brain learns, it gets better and better at processing these novel kinds of information," O'Reilly said.

###

Other study co-authors include David Noelle of the University of California, Merced, and Jonathan Cohen of Princeton University. The research was supported by an Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity grant through the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Scientists Force Mature Cells to Revert to Stem Cells

Scientists Force Mature Cells to Revert to Stem Cells – (Bloomberg
– September 11, 2013)
Scientists have turned back the hands of time in  cells within a living creature. Researchers in Spain used a technique created  seven years ago to force mature cells in mice to revert to an original form of
stem cell with the potential to change into any type of living tissue.
Previously, scientists were only been able to achieve this change in a petri  dish. The newest experiment may one day let doctors work entirely inside the  body to regenerate tissue and, perhaps, more complex organs. This could include  reconnecting a severed spinal cord or generating healthy heart cells. “This is
the next step along a continuum,” said Daley, a professor at Harvard Medical  School in Boston who wrote an accompanying editorial on the work, which he  wasn’t involved with. “What this is hinting at is that maybe we can, by  regressing tissues in the patient, regenerate this embryonic potential and, with
direction, regenerate a particular tissue.” The reverted mouse cells were also found to be more primitive than stem cells taken from embryos or created in the lab. This means they can be turned into a placenta and other embryonic-support membranes, a factor beyond the capacity of the other cells, the researchers wrote.